The Emergence of a Law of Slavery in Mississippi

Tushnet, Mark V. The American Law of Slavery 1810-1860 Considerations of Humanity and Interest, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Emergence of a Law of Slavery in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mark Tushnet has conducted a thorough and has presented it in a book The American Law of Slavery 1810-1860 Considerations of Humanity and Interest. This book presents a thorough analysis of different cases where black slaves were involved. One of the main disadvantages of Mark Tushnet’s writing is that he does not present a strict division of the cases according to their geographical location. Thus, the author dwells upon the court cases involved black slaves in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Georgia. The court cases point at the development of the slavery law in these states. Trying to distinguish the cases related to the Mississippi state, the following aspects were considered, murders, robberies, assaults, labor law, etc. Even though the source under consideration is poorly structured and the information in many cases is vague, the data presented in the book is important in understanding the law of slavery emergence. Turning to the analysis of the book and the cases presented there with the purpose to understand the process of the emergence of the law of slavery in Mississippi, it should be stated that this source is rather confusing as the cases presented there and called â€Å"illustrative and not typical† (Tushnet 223). However, the cases do not have the time limits, it is very difficult to understand when the case took place, therefore, the timeline of the accepted laws cannot be followed using this source. Tushnet ignores some important cases pointing to the fact that there is a great â€Å"volume of the material† (Tushnet 233). However, these cases are important as they show the general as pects and directions of the law of slavery in Mississippi state. Conducting a further research and trying to understand what specific information can be considered from the source, the reader should pay attention to the particular cases discussed in the book. The cases are devoted to various situations when black slaves were convicted in committing specific crimes.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the main crimes which were committed and discussed in the court trials were the murders, robbery, violence, rapes, attempt to escape and absence of the specific certificates of registration which could give slaves freedom. The author of the book presented the cases where judges were either amateur or very prejudiced people whose decisions were always on the side of white parties. The author calls judges â€Å"merely ordinary thinkers† (Tushnet 7) who were unable to make fair decisions. Even though slaves were on the territory from the day of the community emergence, the slaves had some rights. However, the development of the court system in the region and the appearance of the specific cases where slaves were involved into made the community authorities to reconsider the law. Each time new crime involving a black slave was taken to the court, a new law in the legislative system appeared. Slaves were one of the categories of people who did not have ay rights. A crime committed by a slave was punished more severely than the same crime committed by a black person. Most of the evidence which was used for defending a black slave was not include din the case, judges just ignored most of the arguments which could protect a slave. The book shows that slaves did not have any rights and the cases discussed in the book and which were used for creating the law for slaves proves this statement. One more specific aspect devoted to the law of slavery in t he book is the labor law. The author dwells upon numerous cases where slaves were either injured or killed in the industrial accidents. It should be stated that such cases were the main reasons for creating the labor legislation where slaves did not have any rights at all. Each case creates some new law in the legislation. Thus, each time Mississippi state created more and more laws devoted to slavery in the region. Race and class were the main identifiers of the particular decision. The author of the book draws a conclusion that the law of slavery in Mississippi was unprofessional, the court system was not ideal and the general legislature in relation to slaves was prejudiced. Not many resources are devoted to slavery and the book by Tushnet helps understand what specific cases were considered in Mississippi legislation, how cases were solved, whether the court system in the state was ideal and how people reacted to the situation. White authorities and other white citizens of Missi ssippi were sure that slaves did not nave any rights and they do not have any opportunity to do anything to remain legally active. The whole legislative system was created during several years and numerous court cases prove it. When a new situation appeared and was taken to the court, a decision was made not in favor of slaves. Further, a new point in the law of slavery appeared. Finkelman, Paul. Slavery and the Law, New Jersey: Madison House, 1997. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Emergence of a Law of Slavery in Mississippi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Slavery and the Law is a book edited by Paul Finkelman. This book gathers many specific articles devoted to slavery is different places. Not much information is devoted to Mississippi state, however, that information which is present deserves much attention and may be discussed for a long period of time. It should be stated that he law of slavery in the mentioned above stated was created since the time of the state emergence, however, some laws were added further on the basis of the specific court cases which took place in the country and which were solved in favor of white people. All the cases where slaves were involved supported whites. There were many reasons for such attitude. Reading the source under consideration, the following words may be stressed, slaves, â€Å"Negroes are an inferior caste, incapable of the blessings of free government, and occupying, in the order of nature, an intermediate state between the irrational animal and the white man† (Finkelman 57). Calling black slaves the alien enemies, the author of the source wants to underline that slaves did not have any rights. This was the main concept of the law of slavery in Mississippi. Reading the information in the book, it is possible to conclude that the position of the Mississippi slaves was the most severe as they did not have any rights. There were black people in America who were free, however, the authorities of the Mississippi state were sure that black people did not deserve to be free, they did not deserve to have opinion, and to be equal to white people. Slavery existed in Mississippi from the very inhabitance of the region, therefore, the main laws were crated may years ago. The racist conception was the main in curt decision making. Moreover, the relation to slaves was not good. A slave was nothing, it was like an animal who did not have the right to speak until he/she is asked, etc. One of the main reason according to which the law of slavery was created is that if to give freedom to black slaves, people appear at risk to lose their own freedom. Such philosophy was the central in formation of the law of slavery in Mississippi. The implementation of the racist conception may be explained by the history of slaves emergence in the region.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the first day of the emergence of the Mississippi community, black people were considered as slaves. Even without any laws, black people were subjected to performing the activities they did not want to perform. However, having no choice, black people did what they were told. The racial discrimination was obvious from the first days of the community existence, therefore, all the legal acts and decisions which made further were based on the specific consideration of black slaves as those who have neither rights nor freedoms. The racial discrimination, and the law of slavery in the form as it was presented, was based on the idea that black slaves were unable to fell and think like white people could. Why do black slaves need freedom if they were unable to use it? Why did black slaves were offered the rights if they did not know what those right could offer to them. Such prejudiced point of view about black people created existed situation. White people were sure that black slaves were unable to make personal decisions, therefore, they did not consider it necessary to give them such an opportunity. â€Å"The free black man lives amongst us without motive and without hope. He seeks no avocation, is surrounded with necessities, is sunk in degradation; crime can sink him no deeper and he commits if of course† (Finkelman 58). This phrased used in the book underlines the author’s idea about slavery and the attitude of the society to it. Speaking abut this book as about the source devoted to the emergence of a law of slavery in Mississippi, it should be stated that it is rather complicated to find the information which is devoted to the topic directly. Being a good source for slavery, the book contains legal cases which involved slaves as one of the parties of the situation. The authors in this edited book speak about different situation related to slaves and how the courts drew decisions. The source is not really effective as it contains little infor mation about slavery in Mississippi, however, the emergence of law of slavery in general is perfectly discussed in this book. Applying to this source as for discussing the topic of emergence of law of slavery in Mississippi, it should be used in the introduction to dwell upon slavery in general, to discuss the relation to slaves and the general laws which existed in Southern America. Davis, Dernoral. â€Å"A Contested Presence: Free Blacks in Antebellum Mississippi, 1820–1860.† Mississippi History Now, 2012. Web. Dernoral Davis in his article â€Å"A Contested Presence: Free Blacks in Antebellum Mississippi, 1820–1860† dwells upon the history of development the law of slavery in such specific place as Mississippi. The author states that this territory comprised four groups of people from the time of Mississippi inhabitance. Indians, whites, slaves, and free blacks were the main groups of people who lived in the state. There was a law according to which b lack slaves could buy freedom for themselves. Moreover, some slaves could become free if slaveholders freed them. Still, this law lasted not for a long time. Starting with 1825, black slaves were not given such an opportunity, moreover, it was considered as illegal. Thus, it may be said that starting with 1825 the cases of slaves being freed were too rare. Moreover, those slaves who managed to buy freedom up to 1825 had to appear before the court and to prove their rights for freedom. Each free black person had to have a certificate of registration, otherwise, he/she appeared at risk to be jailed. After that, these people were sold at the auction as slaves. The slavery laws in Mississippi did not give rights for slaves to become free. There was a little number of free black people. The new free blacks could become only in case a child is born from a free black mother. Black slaves could become free through the petitions for emancipation. Such option became possible with the law date d from 1822. The laws of slavery in Mississippi have remained in power until the 21st century. Mississippi is the hardly the only place where the laws of slavery remained and were successfully used in the civilized world. Reference List Davis, Dernoral. â€Å"A Contested Presence: Free Blacks in Antebellum Mississippi, 1820–1860.† Mississippi History Now, 2012. Web. Finkelman, Paul. Slavery and The Law, New Jersey: Madison House, 1997. Print. Tushnet, Mark V. The American Law of Slavery 1810-1860 Considerations of Humanity and Interest, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981. Print. This research paper on The Emergence of a Law of Slavery in Mississippi was written and submitted by user Audriana Washington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Electric Light Bulbs Innovation essay

buy custom Electric Light Bulbs Innovation essay Introduction For hundreds of years, people looked for a cheap and easy light source. They wanted to be able to see after the sun set. Before the light bulb, people had to use fireplaces, candles, or gas or oil lamps for light. In the year 1879, Thomas Edison and his helpers were working hard in Edisons workshop. Edison was trying to make a light bulb. Many other people had tried and failed. For instance, some scientists did not think a light bulb was possible. Edison and his workers were trying to find a material that would work in the light bulb. The material had to glow as electricity went through it. It had to burn for a long time. It also had to glow brightly. The men tested several materials. In October, one of Edisons lamps glowed for more than 13 hours which was longer than any other lamp. This marked the birth of the electric light bulb (Nobleman, 2004).This paper discusses the impacts of electric light bulb innovation to the society. Impacts of Electric Light Bulbs Innovation The enormous growth of the electrical industry resulted from the great public demand for various engineering innovations and products. One of the first commercially successful electrical innovations was the electric light bulb, which brings the benefits of electricity to the society and make electricity the dominant form of energy consumption. The success of the light bulbs in reflects in some respects of such other technological inventions as the television. Therefore, it is an outstanding case study of the relationship between industry, physics and society. In the past, most homes and buildings were lit by oil lamps and candles. For example, Abraham Lincoln did his reading using the light from fire. There were almost no street lights in all cities except for the lamps that were hung outside some houses at night. Th innovation of electric light bulb has made greatest difference in lives of people. For instance, it has made the evenings fit for furnishing chores indoors, as well as f or leisure activities or reading. It is almost inevitable that any significant new technology will be predicted to transform society, or at least to embody the potential to transform society, for better or worse. It is often said, especially in the initial stages of adoption of a particular technology, that the technology will generate social change based upon the implicit values, virtues, or vices possessed by technology. This is technological determinism and an electric light bulb is not an exception. Technological determinism implies that new technological innovations set conditions for social change and progress. In such a view, technology is seen as a law unto itself, in the sense that all technological innovations are seen as drivers in the progress of society as well as culture. Putting the electric light bulb into a social context reveals another view of the relationship between technology, society and culture which might be referred to as economic or social determinism. For instance, the light bulb technolog y would be characterized as the passive partner in the culture-technology whereby the social conditions create environments in which these technologies are seen as either necessary by products of social processes. From this perspective, the light bulb has become necessary at certain points of cultural development. So in this case of the light bulb, its technological innovation becomes a symptom of wider social changes (Miller, 2011). Prior to the invention and innovation of the electric light bulbs, the average time of sleep for many people has increased. Early, people depended on the light from the sun which lasts for 12 hours in a day. During this time, travel was very difficult and dangerous, and businesses had to be closed doown at dusk. The innovations of light bulb have made people to extend days as long as they stay awake. The industries continue to carry out their manufacturing activities for extended period in order to meet their set goals and customer demands. The almost universal adoption of electricity in urban areas by residents who have access can be only explained by the high value placed on electric lighting whereby light bulbs technology is crucial. The reason for this qualitative leap in energy services is the relative efficiency of the electric bulbs or lamps. An electric bulb hangs from the ceiling and either fills the room with light or is focused downward for reading or close work. Indeed, p araffin lamp gives off only about a third of the light from some light bulbs. Moreover, the glare that comes from the kerosene lamp makes it unpleasant for it to be used by some people (Barnes, Krutilla Hyde, 2005). Finally, the technological innovations of light bulbs have contributed to environmental conservation through pollution reduction. Centrally to other sources of light, electric light bulbs do not pollute the environment. For example, the smoke from kerosene lamps pollutes the environment which causes serious threats to human life. Also, some people use fire as a source of light. Fire is known to be dangerous to the environment. For instance, wood must be used which may sometimes leads to deforestation. Considering the negative economic effects of environmental pollution, light bulbs stand to be the most economical sources of light. Conclusion Improving the innovations of light bulbs is one key solution to reducing the need other expensive sources of light and reducing environmental pollution. Currently, going green is a major concern for many people. Therefore, light bulb innovations will enhance going green in the society. Buy custom Electric Light Bulbs Innovation essay

Overview the legislation that impacts the workplace in Canada at both Research Paper

Overview the legislation that impacts the workplace in Canada at both the provincial and federal levels - Research Paper Example rengthened the legal claims of employees while encroaching upon workplace norms that were formed through collective agreements and managerial prerogatives. The inclusion of human rights as part of the legislation impacting the workplace in Canada was achieved through the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which forms part of the constitution Act 1982. Hogg (1982) explains that the Charter is a set of laws outlining the basic rules about how the nation operates. It describes the powers of the provincial governments and the federal government in Canada. It also outlines the rights and freedoms that the Canadian people believe are necessary and important in a free and democratic society. The Charter has had a notable indirect impact on both public employers and private employers who are not considered as government employees because of its application to both provincial and federal human rights legislation. Black-Branch (1995) states that the government has amended these human rights statutes through judicial interpretation in order to conform with the Charter. The impact of this process is the making of Charter principles that are directly applicable to all workplaces in Canada. Some of the rights in the Charter are the right to live and seek/get employment anywhere in Canada and the right to equality, including gender equality. Generally, the provincial and federal legislations in Canada affecting the workplace govern issues such as labour relations, human rights and workplace health and safety. Section 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees individuals with disabilities the right to equal benefit and equal protection of the law and without discrimination by the Canadian government, agents of the government and its delegates. It also protects individuals with mental disabilities and this interpretation has been expanded to include individuals with learning disabilities. Employers governed by the Charter must therefore provide equal

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

I'll attach it - Essay Example The postal services industry was big and booming. Nevertheless, with the materialization of the internet, as well as, related technologies such as email and social media, things have changed significantly. Presently, it is easier to send an email or an instant message via social media than sending handwritten letters. The email and the instant message will be delivered to the intended recipient immediately while the letter may take hours or days to reach the destination depending on the distance between the sender and the recipient. This is just an illustration of the principal alteration of information technology. This paper focuses on the impact of information technology on the healthcare profession. The paper argues that information technology has had a major impact on healthcare as a profession including the nature of healthcare practice, relationship with customers, and management of healthcare information/records. The paper is organized into different sections. The first part gives an introduction into the main topic and the thesis. The second section provides the main discussion. It is organized into different subsections that focus on specific areas. The final section will be the conclusion. The conclusion will restate the thesis and highlight the main points emerging from the main discussion. It will also provide appropriate recommendations. Information technology is a growing field that focuses on computer and telecommunication systems that are used in information management. Information technologies, therefore, include computers, computer systems, telecommunication systems, and other information systems. Apart from computers, other typical information technologies include smartphone, enterprise resource planning systems, Tablets, internet, email, social media, and cloud computing among others. The information technology field is much broader. While these examples of IT (information technology) are used

The Melody of the Nightingale - an Existential Pathway for Finding Essay

The Melody of the Nightingale - an Existential Pathway for Finding Peace - Essay Example With that said, a close look will be taken into John Keats’ â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† to highlight his version of transcendent beauty and define how he struck out against the oppression of the aristocracy. The wind blows softly in the distance, rustling autumn leaves across the dirt path. Small, broken branches are strewn about, as if from a recent storm, but the dirt is dry and blows little dust tunnels at the slightest provocation. In eight stanzas, the â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats sets a reader up in this little moment in time to exhibit the pristine beauty of the nightingale in contrast with the harsh reality of his world. Using the power of poetry, Keats is able to become one with the nightingale, to cast off his world of death and despair and enjoy the beauty of the melody for its enchanting quality of escape. In fact, the very â€Å"act of writing the poem has already allowed him to join the nightingale† (Minahan 173). But, by the fin al stanza, his imagination is such that he is struck by a newfound despair when the object of his words takes flight and leaves him. To understand the speaker of the poem’s true despair and the beauty he finds from the melody of the nightingale, an explication will be taken into the words of Keats’ poem as he takes his reader on an emotional journey while highlighting the enchanting power that nature has in enabling the foundation of inner peace. It’s painful, so beautiful a melody that the speaker of the poem is struck by a profound pang upon hearing the nightingale’s song. It’s as though he is experiencing a â€Å"drowsy numbness [that] pains/[his] sense† (lines 1-2). He compares the sound to drinking hemlock (line 2) or taking opiates (line 3) and gives his reader a vision of him staring up at the beautiful nightingale, cursing it for its unendurable ability to be outside his current reality and at peace in some transcendent dimension. By the middle of the stanza, the speaker of the poem is studying the nightingale with solicitous eyes, noting that it must be through â€Å"some melodious plot† (line 8) that the aria can achieve such divine beauty. For the speaker, such a carefree attitude seems an impossibility—an incongruous aspect shining inconceivably in a futile and oppressive world. By the second stanza, the speaker is searching for an intoxicant to escape into the world of the nightingale and enjoy a similar untroubled life. He calls for a â€Å"beaker full of the warm South† (line 15) to immerse himself in a figurative and literal sense, into the song of the nightingale. His mind lingers over the â€Å"beaded bubbles winking at the brim† (line 17) that he could become one with nature, allowing him to â€Å"fade away into the forest dim† (line 20). In the third stanza, he is taken over by the promise of his intoxicant, waiting to leave behind â€Å"what thou among the leaves has never known† (line 22). In words tainted by despair, he defines this world as one full of sorrow and strife, with â€Å"weariness†¦fever†¦and fret† (line 23), one in which man endures the suffering of illness, hardship, and worry until, in the end, his life culminates in a thankless death. It is a world that beauty cannot even see, where the nightingale â€Å"cannot keep her lustrous eyes† (line 29). It is a world only glimpsed through the melodious chimes of the

Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity | Analysis

Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity | Analysis Introduction The gradual emergence of globalisation in businesses has contributed towards a significant rise in international trade. Consequently, trading across countries has been prominent among businesses in order to seek higher growth opportunities available in the international markets (Michie, 2011). â€Å"Our willingness to pay a certain price for foreign money must ultimately and essentially be due to the fact that this money possesses a purchasing power as against commodities and services in that country† (Gustav Gassel, 1922). The applications and conversions of currencies have become vitally important in international businesses in order to obtain or forecast the substantial costs and revenues for the purpose of financial information. The concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) enables one to forecast the exchange rate of two different countries based on the assumption of similar purchasing power under law of one price of two countries’ currencies. However, various cruci al obstacles have been encountered in real life despite the concreteness of the proposed theories and one of the projected main concerns is to determine the price for a similar product across different markets and continents (Wang, 2009). According to the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), one currency should be able to buy the same amount of products which can be purchased from other currencies. This concept suggests that the currencies should be valued in a way that it allows consumers to buy similar quantity of goods irrespective of the currencies that they utilise in making purchases (Manzur, 2008). According to the Law of One Price (LOP), consumers should be able to purchase similar or same kind of goods at the same price despite the utilisation of different currencies. Nevertheless, the application of LOP is considerably difficult and would not prevail in certain predicaments across different economies and countries despite the supportive underlying theories (Mezzera, 19 90). Conceptual Understanding of Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity Law of One Price and Purchasing Power Parity play a crucial role in determining the international trade mechanism. The concept of LOP indicates that the price for homogenous goods and services should be the same despite all locations. The theory behind LOP is established through the equilibrium pricing of a product. The equilibrium market price of a product is achieved when market participants realise the different pricing for an identical product in different locations, (assuming no transaction costs and other trade restrictions) and take advantage of the arbitrage opportunities. The principle of LOP is highly justified because differences in the price of the same products in two different markets would create the perfect opportunity for arbitragers to benefit by purchasing products in a lower priced markets and selling them in markets where there are sold at a higher price. The transactions among market participants create pressure through demand and supply effect in the two locati ons and would substantially eliminate such opportunities and hence create an equal and transparent price. As a result, the price for the same commodity traded in two different markets should be same if they are converted into a common currency (Ignatiuk, 2009). The concept of LOP asserts that if same goods enter each country’s market basket, the PPP exchange rate should prevail between the two countries to maintain the principle of one price despite the difference in currencies (Eicher, Mutti and Turnovsky, 2009). The Law of One Price (LOP): Pd=S*Pf Pd is price of the good in the domestic economy whereas Pf is the price of the good in a foreign economy and S* is the nominal exchange rate between the two economies. The concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) implies that the nominal exchange rate between two currencies should be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between two countries. This will create the similar purchasing power of one currency as compared to that of another. Therefore, according to PPP, exchange rates need to be adjusted between countries so that the exchange can be made equivalent to each currency’s purchasing power. The question arises immediate as there are two possible ways that PPP would hold to create the perfect equilibrium. Absolute purchasing power parity relates to the circumstances when the purchasing power of a unit currency is converted into foreign currency at the exchange rate in market, it is directly equal in the domestic and foreign economy (Taylor and Taylor, 2004). However , it is relatively hard to estimate the amount of identical goods in the baskets of the two different countries. Hence, it is more occurring to test relative PPP, which implies that the percentage change in the exchange rate over a given period just offsets the difference in inflation rates in the different countries over the time horizon (Taylor and Taylor, 2004). Therefore, if absolute PPP holds, then relative PPP must also hold, but if relative PPP holds, there is a probability that relative PPP might not hold as it is possible that at different levels of purchasing power of the two currencies, there are changes in the nominal exchange rates possibly due to the transactions costs (Isard, 1977). To consider whether the theory of perfect commodity arbitrage applies in the real world to create the law of one price, consider Figure 1 and Figure 2 which illustrate the notion of absolute PPP and relative PPP. For the relative data demonstrated in both the figures, it is evidently clear that neither absolute nor relative PPP seems to hold reasonably in the short run, thus does this imply that PPP does not hold in real life? According to the perfect commodity theory, equilibrium will appear and restore the differences between the relative prices which is clearly proposed by the principle of LOP by adjusting the exchange rates for the two locations. Hence, as far as this is concerned, perfect commodity arbitrage guarantees that each good is uniformly priced even with the initial difference of transaction costs between similar products in different locations, thus within a period of time in the long run,, the prices are adjusted to establish the perfect equilibrium of LOP, ensuring the same purchasing power in terms of currencies under the influence of PPP (Isard, 1977). Nonetheless, where does all the disputation arise concerning the practicality of LOP and PPP in reality? Analysis of the Proposition â€Å"In the assumed absence of transport costs and trade restrictions, perfect commodity arbitrage insures that each good is uniformly priced (in common currency units) throughout the world – the â€Å"law of one price† prevails’. In reality the law of one price is fragrantly and systematically violated by empirical data† (Isard, 1977). It is undeniably true that in the presence of perfect commodity arbitrage, each good will be substantially priced accordingly to demand and supply pressure in the assumed absence of transactions costs. However, the immediate response to this is that how practical and realistic is the assumption of transactions costs applicable to the principle LOP in order to create the exchange rate in PPP? The concept of LOP indicates that the prices for the identical products are the same across two countries, but this has not been the case in actual situation proposed by numerous scholars and researchers. The principle of LOP has been violated in actual practice and this has been supported by explanation that the transaction costs make it difficult to ensure same price for the identical products in two markets by creating a restriction in the equilibrium flow of the commodities known as the â€Å"border effect† (Rogoff, 1996). The transactions costs consist mainly of tariffs, taxes, duties and non-tariff barriers costs. For instance, the commodity that is priced lower in one market would involve transaction and transportation costs for participants to trade them in another market, and this will constitute to the additional costs of the commodity (Bumas, 1999). The volatility in the price differential would be progressively higher if the difference between the two countries is large. In addition, the transportation costs will increase due to the driving supply of arbitragers participating to transfer the commodity from one location with lower price to another with higher price, and the resulting impact would be differences in price disrupting the adjustment of arbitrage equilibrium (Clark, 2002). The study by Engel and Rogers (1996) have indicated that the price differential is greater in case of greater distance between the cities concerned, and it leads to substantial increase in the prices when they are compared in different countries proceeding to different continents. Furthermore, single or identical consumption of goods common to everyone is highly unrealistic because different consumers from different locations will have different preferences and choices, and it is always very difficult to have the same proportion of commodity identified in the comparing countries’ consumption basket (Clark, 2002). There is no guarantee that all commodities are traded between international economies and relatively to domestic economies, there are always substitutes in products if level of competitions is high but most of the cases, more differentiated goods are available compared to the product substitutes (Kim and Ogaki, 2004). Hence, when all these circumstances applied, the proportion of consumption from different locations concerning identical commodities in aggregate price indices will vary across countries. In sum, trading goods are more accurate drivers for the estimation of PPP compared to non-trading goods. This is because non-trading goods circulate within the domestic economy of that country and does not cross the barrier beyond international trade which involves additional transactions costs. Non-trading goods are more confined within the domestic economy compared to trading goods which are more expressed in exchange rates term when they are traded elsewhere around the world contributing towards the credibility of PPP. Hence, it is more useful to test with producer price index rather to use the consumer price index as suggested by the graphs in Figure 1 above. There is shorter deviation of PPP in producer price index compared to consumer price index in the short run from both the graphs. Hence, it often suggested that the PPP theory of exchange rates will hold at least approximately because of the possibility of international goods arbitrage. However, in real life, the practicalit y of PPP is disclosed to a visible amount of subjectivity and uncertainty as to which product is categorized as trading or non-trading goods, if identified, will it be the same around the world for the comparison of prices? Non-trading goods in UK might not necessarily be identical in US where that particular product might be a trading good for US instead and will this affect the producer price index, what about the LOP? To conclude the theory of PPP, there are definitely dreadful amount of assumptions underlying it to support its application and reliability. In real life, do all these assumptions prevail? Let’s examine and explore the credibility of the assumptions mentioned above by analyzing the Big Mac Index created by The Economists in 1986. As far as we know, Big Mac is a hamburger available from Macdonald’s Restaurant, the world largest fast food chain. What happens is that the price for a Big Mac in one country is divided by the price of a Big Mac in another country (both in domestic price) to obtain the Big Mac PPP exchange rate. This value is then compared and analyzed with the actual exchange rate in the market. The aim of this discussion is to determine the practicality of Big Mac index in real world in relate to the assumptions of PPP. The limitations are closely related to the assumptions mentioned above: †¢It is not possible to have the same price of a Big Mac from all around the world (results from the diagram below) due to different government tax policies, levels of competition and different transaction costs such as rental for different locations not just within particular area of a city, as well as different countries and continents. This will certainly add up to the costs of a burger and disrupt the notion of LOP. †¢Being the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, certain products need to be imported or exported by franchises all around the world to maintain the uniformity and the quality of the world’s prominent restaurant and this will certainly contribute to the different costs of the product disrupting the free movement of goods across borders. Source: Big Mac Index, The Economists 2013. Available at: http://www.economist.com/content/big-mac-index Furthermore, the assumption of single consumption is not possible in many countries, for instance, eating in McDonald’s Restaurant in some countries is relatively expensive compared to others and consumers would prefer eating in local fast food restaurants instead as a close substitute at a lower price. In addition, the demand for the consumption of Big Mac varies across different countries and this will not create an equal proportion of commodities in different countries’ basket. For example, buying Big Mac in China is not as high demand as buying Big Mac in the United States. The assumption made by PPP is highly unrealistic due to the disruption theory of LOP as it is not possible to have one common currency price for the same product demonstrated using the study of Big Mac Index. A similar investigation has been conducted by Haskel and Wolf (2001), they explored the deviations from the LOP by making use of the retail transaction costs in IKEA, a multinational Swedish furniture company. In performing the case study, samples were gathered comprising of 100 identical goods sold by IKEA in 25 countries. The outcome of the study indicated that there are significant common currency price divergences across countries for a given product. Conclusion In conclusion, according to PPP theory, the exchange rates should be adjusted in a manner where equal purchasing power is established with respect to a commodity in two markets. In the real world, this is highly unachievable and it is rather unrealistic to the extent that there is always difference in prices of the same goods. However, this scenario might contradict with the results and findings from Figure 1 and figure 2 as both the figures proposed that in the short run, PPP does not hold, whereas in the long run, the law of one price will prevail and PPP is therefore determinable. In practical applications this seems rather convincing as due to the matter of time, equilibrium will kick in and adjust the prices accordingly to the LOP. Nonetheless, one question still remains unanswered, how far can the LOP brings us towards the validity of PPP and determining the exchange rate between two countries? How certain are the assumptions of PPP on the data and findings by researchers and s cholars influence the outcome of the actual results obtained? As mentioned by Keynes (1923), â€Å"At first sight this theory appears to be one of great practical utility. In practical applications of the doctrine there are, however, two further difficulties, which we have allowed so far to escape our attention†. According to Keynes, the first difficulty is to make allowance for transport costs, imports and export taxes. The second difficult refers to the treatment on purchasing power of goods and services which do not enter into international level of trade. In sum, the theory of PPP derived from LOP is useful in theory for product pricing and the determination of exchange rate currencies, but as far as the limitations mentioned above is concerned, it should sensibly be considered as a guidance only rather than a direct application in real world. References: Apreda, R. and Pelzer, L.Z. 2005. Focus on Macroeconomics Research. Nova Publishers. Abildtrup, J. 1999. Modern Time Series Analysis in Forest Products Markets. Springer. Bumas, L.O. 1999. Intermediate Microeconomics: Neoclassical and Factually-oriented Models. M.E. Sharpe. Clark, E. 2002. International Finance. Cengage Learning EMEA. Engel, C. and Rogers, J.H. 1999. ‘Violating the Law of One Price: Should We Make a Federal Case Out of It?. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Eicher, T., Mutti, J.H. and Turnovsky, M.H. 2009. International Economics. Routledge. Haskel, J. and Wolf, H.C. 1999. Why Does the law of One Price Fail?: A Case Study. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Isard, P., 1977. How Far Can we Push the â€Å"Law of One Price†?. American Economic Review, 67 (5), 942-948. Ignatiuk, A. 2009. The Principle, Practise and Problems of Purchasing Power Parity Theory. GRIN Verlag. Jonsson, G. 1999. Inflation, Money Demand, and Purchasing Power Parity in South Africa. International Monetary Fund. Michie, J. 2011. The Handbook of Globalisation, Second Edition. Edward Elgar Publishing. Manzur, M. 2008. Purchasing Power Parity. Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated. Mezzera, J. 1990. Monopoly Profits and the Law of One Price: The Cost of Misapplied Theory, Volume 146. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame. Rogoff, K. 1996. The Purchasing Power Parity Puzzle. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 34 (2), 647-668. Ricci, L.A. and MacDonald, R. 2002. Purchasing Power Parity and New Trade Theory. International Monetary Fund. Silver, M. 2010. Imf Applications of Purchasing Power Parity Estimates. International Monetary Fund. Taylor, A.M. and Taylor, M.P. 2004. The Purchasing Power Parity Debate. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 18 (4), pp. 135-158. Wang, P. 2009. The Economics of Foreign Exchange and Global Finance. Springer.

A Comparison of My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover Essays -- Robert

"My Last Duchess" is a poem about an arrogant and extremely powerful Duke who is describing his deceased Duchess. From the word "last" in the title it is implied that the duke has had more than one duchess. In this poem, the Duke is extremely egotistic. He says, "I choose never to stoop." The duchess would look at everyone in the world as being equal no matter what class they are. The duke however cannot do this. He is too worried about his appearance. "Porphyria's Lover" is a poem in which a man describes an evening in which his lover, Porphyria, visits him and he unexpectedly murders her. In this it is unlike "My Last Duchess" because Porphyria 'worships' her lover unlike the Duke From the title "My Last Duchess", we immediately learn that this is a personal poem to the duke. It is a love and murder poem. It is a dramatic monologue and is written as a single stanza. Both poems also have a silent listener. In 'My Last Duchess' the silent listener is the Ambassador for the Count, who is the father of the Duke's next bride whereas in 'Porphyria's Lover' the silent listener could be a number of people it could be a police officer, or he could just be telling the story to a friend. There is no evidence in the poem, which tells the reader who he is talking to. The tone in these poems is important as it acts as a contrast to the content of the poem. In "My Last Duchess", Browning uses a soft tone and describes the Duke having the Duchess killed subtly, " This grew; I gave commands;/ Then all smiles stopped together." Browning describes this without changing the tone. However in "Porphyria's Lover" the tone is normal and soft throughout the poem until the point in which the Lover murders Porphyria, "I... ...both of the characters kill their lovers. "She was mine, mine, fair,/ Perfectly pure and good". This is what the lover said before he killed Porphyria. He kills her because at that precise moment in time he has complete power and control over Porphyria and wants to preserve this. Browning uses a simile extremely effectively in "Porphyria's Lover" to describe the body of Porphyria. He says "As a shut bud that holds a bee". This gives the reader the image that her soul is still alive but her body is dead. The bud is shut and the bee is still alive inside of it. Overall, I found these poems both quite enjoyable to read. I enjoyed "My Last Duchess" less than I enjoyed "Porphyria's Lover". This is because the murder in "Porphyria's Lover" was so unexpected and a shock whereas in "My Last Duchess", it was written more subtly giving it less excitement.

Miller’s dramatic presentation Essay

Discuss Arthur Miller’s dramatic presentation of Mary Warren in ‘The Crucible’. Arthur Miller’s play ‘The Crucible’ is based on the events in a 17th Century town called Salem, where a young girl by the name of Abigail Williams cries witchcraft when she is almost charged for conjuring spells. Abigail and her friends were caught dancing on night around a fire by their town priest and Abigail’s uncle Reverend Parris. After that day strange things were believed to have happened, consequently leading to a lot of women being charged of witchcraft. This was quite unfortunate as back in 1692 the penalty of witchcraft was hanging. In Act one, Mary is presented as a naive, scared and a â€Å"lonely, seventeen year old girl†. Whom evidently is bullied by her employer John Proctor and the other girls in the village, especially Abigail, as she is petrified at been called a witch by the other village people. Mary also comes across as being pathetic in the sense that she has no real friends and relies on a liar like Abigail for trust. Miller in his own words, describes Mary Warren as a â€Å"naive, lonely, subservient seventeen year old girl†, who is treated with little respect by Abigail and the other girls. † Oh, you’re a great one for lookin’, aren’t you Mary Warren? What a grand peeping courage you have! It is possible that the other girls are in fact terrified of her, knowing that she is weak and can easily slip up under pressure, reviling their doings in the forest that night. When she meets John Proctor, a strong willed character who is not afraid to speak his mind, Mary expectedly is very frightened of him as he regularly threatens her and occasionally refers to giving her a whipping! â€Å"I’ll show you a great doin’ on your arse one of these days. Now get home; my wife is waitin’ with your work! † Mary very quickly jumps to the sound of his voice and as Miller describes in a stage direction, ‘trying to retain a shred of dignity, she goes slowly out’. This highlights the control some like Proctor has on someone like Mary. In Act two, the audience learns a great deal about the events happening in Salem through Mary, hence she being made an official of the court. This in a way speaks on it’s own, how totally out of hand the situation in Salem has become with someone of Mary stature being made an official of the court and the share pace of everything in just eight days. Mary later informs us on the amount accused, â€Å"No sir. There be thirty-nine now† This being thirty-nine women, thirty-nine charges and trials of those being accused of witchcraft, in just eight days from when Abigail fist accused Tituba of witchcraft! Through Mary, the audience is made aware of the influence Abigail has on the court and the Salem community and reveals how Elizabeth was accused with sending her spirit out against Abigail. This was due to Abigail dislike of Elizabeth and desire to get rid of her so she could have John Proctor all to herself. Hence Mary immediately connects herself to the condemning of Abigail’s accusation and saving of Elizabeth’s life. â€Å"I saved her life today! † Miller ensures that the audience are aware of the absurdity of the situation in Salem, due to the court appointing a servant girl like Mary as an official. Unlike Proctor, she doesn’t speak out of her place and listens and does everything she is told to by such people like Parris or Danforth which could explain why the court were keen to appoint some like her as an official. Although we also notice a change in Mary Warren’s character from being a good, obedient servant to a slightly ruthless more and self confident young woman. â€Å"I’ll not stand whipping anymore! † This is directed at Proctor as he tries to order Mary around, but fails. Furthermore, on her return from court, Mary unknowingly condemns Elizabeth by giving her a ‘poppet’ with a needle placed in it as a gift she had earlier on that day in court. We later discover that this proves to be very unfortunate on Elizabeth’s behalf as she is later charged for sending her spirit out against Abigail and stabbing her. After Elizabeth is taken away, Proctor realises that in order to save his wife, he needs Mary to support him in court as a witness against Abigail and the other girls. To prove all their outbursts in court of being attacked by spirits were false and just an act. At the end of Act two Mary is clearly frightened by Elizabeth’s arrest, as she really begins to see Abigail true influence over the court and ends up being bullied to give evidence against her. In Act three when Mary arrives in court to accuse the girls of lying, she seems to refer to her previous characteristics in Act one of being very quite and frightened, as to what the other girls might do to her if she talks. â€Å"I cannot, they’ll turn on me† This taken from the end of Act two and shows the hold of fear someone like Abigail still has on her. On of the most dramatic incidents in the play, is when all the other girls turn on Mary by saying they see her spirit and begin to repeat whatever she says: Mary: â€Å"Abby, you mustn’t! † Abby+ other girls: â€Å"Abby, you mustn’t! † This eventually make Mary realise that she will be accused of witchcraft if she continues to oppose Abigail and evidently Mary turns against Proctor and accuses him of making her defy the court and turning her to the devil. Thus Mary returns to her new found personality of being confidents and only thinking of herself. In conclusion, Mary Warren’s character makes ‘The Crucible’ tenser through Arthur Miller’s dramatic presentation of her. Presented through his description of her being † and subservient† in the begging of Act one, to her speaking and acting on, with more confidence in Act two. In addition, in Act three Mary is once again bullied by Abigail and Proctor to an extent that she breaks down into tears at one point and speaks out of proportion to save herself. Therefore once again she ends up being described in the manner of being ‘terrified, pleading and almost collapsing’, when she is finally pushed by Abigail and Proctor to designate between them. Thus she is once again a pathetic loner!

Promoting Mental Health Essays

Promoting Mental Health Essays Promoting Mental Health Essay Promoting Mental Health Essay The aim of this assignment will be to demonstrate my interventions designed to promote mental health and well being using current national and local policies and campaigns in relation to the patient’s identified needs as well as evidence based therapeutic interventions. Finally I will evaluate my package reflecting on its success or failure. In order to gain a better understanding of mental health promotion, it is important to gain a definition of promoting mental health. Rosie Winterton (2006) quotes ‘Mental health promotion is key to changing attitudes about mental health across society. The National framework for mental health (DOH 1999) implemented national standards and service models for promoting mental health. Rosie Winterton (2006) continues ‘the National Service Framework for mental health.. outlines the need for the promotion of mental health for whole communities in schools, the workplace and neighbourhoods, as well as combating the discrimination against individuals and groups with mental health problems, and promoting their social inclusion. As a nurse, I have a duty of care NMC (2008) to support and promote patients recovery so that he/she can be a productive member of society without feelings of feeling socially excluded. The client chosen will be called Elizabeth* for the purpose of this assignment in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) Code of professional Conduct and Data Protection Act (1998) which require health care professionals to protect and maintain their clients confidentiality. Elizabeth is a 38 year old woman who originates from Didsbury. Elizabeth is currently an inpatient on an adult psychiatric ward. Elizabeth was referred on recommendations from her Drugs Misuse worker. Elizabeth presented with signs of self neglect, low self esteem, feeling faint, disorientated, anxiety, irritability and aggression amongst others. Elizabeth has recently separated from her husband with whom she had no children. This was due to her cannabis addiction; this caused problems between Elizabeth and her husband mentally, emotionally and financially. Elizabeth is now living with her mother, having accumulated debts to dealers, led to Elizabeth’s low mood and admission. During the initial interview Elizabeth claimed she had been dependant on cannabis since the age of 14. She had been admitted onto the ward for a detoxification from drugs on the recommendation from her Drug Worker and husband who felt her drug taking was affecting her mental health. It is my duty to work in partnership with Elizabeth, to make her feel in control of her life and to successfully recover her from her drug dependence in accordance with the National Service Framework (NSF 1999) standard 1 which states, ‘health and social services should combat discrimination against individuals and groups with mental health problems, and promote their social inclusion’. To promote Elizabeth’s mental health I will need to assess her needs. ‘A need is a problem or barrier that makes people or communities less healthy than they can be.. or interferes with optimum health’ Bradshaw (1972). The nursing care begins with a comprehensive, systematic and accurate assessment. (Shives 2005). It would be vital to gain as much information as possible from Elizabeth and any other relevant sources in order to evaluate Elizabeth needs. (Barker 2003) state’s ‘collections of relevant information.. contributes to an overall evaluation’. This information would assist me in formulating a psycho-educational package. I prioritised her needs in identifying and implementing care using Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time framed’. (SMART) model DOH (2001). I introduced myself to Elizabeth as her Nurse. It is important to establish a therapeutic and understanding relationship with Elizabeth in order for recovery to take place. This can be achieved through communication. Communication is the key to gaining trust in any relationship. The DOH highlighted ‘Communication is a fundamental aspect of any relationship’. (DOH 1994). The assessment interview was conducted in an isolated room to avoid distractions that may threaten confidentiality and interfere with the effective listening, privacy and dignity of the client, (NMC 2008). I explained to Elizabeth that any information gathered from her would be shared with other health care professionals involved in her care without breaching her confidentiality in compliance to the (NMC 2008) and the (Caldicott Report 1997) unless it was required by the law. Elizabeth’s response was very responsible saying she understood and was willing to co-operate. I continued to engage with Elizabeth using my interpersonal skills; listening, attentiveness, assertiveness, humour, self disclosure and my body language, (Riley 2008). Without these skills I would not have been able to attain the information required to understand her difficulties and formulating sessions. During our initial session, Elizabeth was very open with me about her cannabis use and personal life. Elizabeth explained how cannabis had changed her and destroyed her marriage. Elizabeth expressed her desire of detoxification, to stay clean and to gain employment. Elizabeth explained how her cannabis use had started off in her young teens where smoking cannabis was seen as ‘being cool’. Elizabeth also explained that it had started to affect her mentally in her late 20’s. I assured Elizabeth that her detoxification would be a tough process for her but as a Nurse I will support her. According to Murray et al (2004) ‘Cannabis use alone does not cause psychosis, but it is one of the things that may contribute to its development; therefore, using cannabis increases the risk. Alongside this drugs.. cause a massive surge of dopamine to be released and this extra dopamine leads to the sensation of pleasure, (Creek and Lougher 2008). This contributes to Elizabeth’s low mood since dopamine receptor sites have been either reduced or shut down. Elizabeth and I both agreed to use Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to correct distorted conceptualizations and dysfunctional beliefs underlying her illness. CBT is the only psychological treatment in chronic psychosis with proven durability at short-term follow-up (Gould et al, 2001). Cognitive behavior therapy takes into account not only the symptoms of the illness but also the impact the illness on the individual such as isolation from family and friends, damage to social and working relationships, depression and increased risk of self harm. I discussed CBT in depth with Elizabeth and allowed her to have literature on the subject which she could refer to in her own time. Elizabeth was experiencing hallucinations, I explained how reality testing worked and belief modification. ‘Milton et al. (1987) suggested that belief modification and reality testing are effective strategies in reducing the conviction associated with delusional beliefs. This involves helping clients to question the evidence underlying their beliefs and to set up behavioural experiments to test the reality of the evidence for their beliefs (Chadwick amp; Lowe, 1990). Elizabeth was willing to use CBT and later realised the voices were not real. Alongside this with all the information gathered Elizabeth was prepared to assume the role of a self-therapist, (Williams, 2004). During the next weeks of Elizabeth’s treatment I was able to continue my assessment. Elizabeth portrayed irritability, self neglect, poor concentration, agitation and lack of sleep. Elizabeth’s symptoms continued and she also expressed thoughts about staff, which were out to hurt her and hated her. I reassured Elizabeth that her thoughts were not reality using CBT reality testing. I also asked her to ask the staff she accused whether they expressed these thoughts about her. Although this was difficult as Elizabeth’s symptoms grew she became adamant that they hated her. It takes time to change and many individuals like Elizabeth, no matter what the change, are not successful on their first attempt stated by Prochaska and Di Climente (1998). My interaction with Elizabeth was positive, through me engaging her in decision making and allowing her to be involved in her care, this allowed us to build a therapeutic relationship. Elizabeth was able to open up to me and share her feelings with me, she expressed how important it was for her detoxify and to rebuild her life. Elizabeth began to show some insight into her illness in the second session. Elizabeth realised her problematic behaviour and expressed a desire to change. I used motivation enhancement therapy encouraging her desire to change. Elizabeth was a voluntary patient in the hospital and claimed she had no desire to leave until the drug detoxification had taken place. I made positive comments regarding this and encouraged Elizabeth. Elizabeth expressed that she felt better within her mental state, I had noticed this too as she had been more engaging with myself and other staff with whom previously she didn’t. Elizabeth said she was grateful towards me and the nursing team for listening and helping her. She also felt as though she was being treated as an individual whose dignity was respected rather than drug addict in compliance with the NMC (2008). Elizabeth expressed her desire to build her life again with her family including her husband and her mother. I asked her to use this as an inspiration and to act on this thought positively. I also asked Elizabeth to elaborate on this thought; we looked at positive and negative outcomes that could happen so Elizabeth was ready to deal with them if they arose. My role as a nurse was to act as a witness and a facilitator to Elizabeth’s battles. Elizabeth expressed her desire to get involved with the groups that took place within the ward with the Occupational Therapist. I encouraged her to join the groups and pointed out there was a gardening group who worked on the hospital garden. I remember from an earlier session that Elizabeth had expressed a passion for gardening. Elizabeth agreed to attend the group, she later expressed that she had made friends with a lady from another ward in the group. This was promoting her mental health and also boosting her social skills. Elizabeth’s food intake was poor; she claimed she did not like the hospital food and that it made her feel sick. I discussed with the multi disciplinary team and we agreed to commence sessions with the Occupational Therapist with whom she was already working with to start cooking sessions. This would allow the O. T to assess Elizabeth’s skills and to assist her with activities of daily living. Alongside this Elizabeth would be able to cook, prepare and eat the foods she liked. This would boost Elizabeth’s confidence and avoid relapse. Relapse prevention is a self management programme designed to enhance the maintenance phase in the model of change, Miller and Rollnick (2002). It can be defined as a wide range of strategies to prevent relapse in the field of addictive behaviour with the emphasis on self management and the techniques and strategies aimed at enhancing maintenance of habit of change, (Creek and Lougher 2008). Through motivational interview, Elizabeth recovered some of her coping strategies in situations that could lead to relapse. Researchers have shown that the people who are aware of potential relapse situations and use specific strategies can effectively reduce the risk of relapse. (Kirby et al 1995). Elizabeth’s mental health and well being was also promoted using the Humanistic approach. Humanism emphasises the study of the whole person (Aanstoos et al 2000). This concentrates on Elizabeth’s behaviour from her point of view and allows Elizabeth to analysis her behaviour. This also promotes empathy. However it is unarguable whether Elizabeth’s behaviour is connected to her inner feelings and self image, (Clay 2002). Using open questions with Elizabeth, unstructured interviews and diary accounts, allows Elizabeth to have insight into her illness and promote her mental health and well being. The humanistic approach offers new set’s of values for approaching an understanding of human nature and their condition. This offers expanded horizons of methods of inquiry in the study of human behaviour and needs. The information gathered from Elizabeth from using the humanism approach gave insight and more holistic information in her problems; she was also involved in making decisions to meet her needs and kept a diary account to see if she was meeting these needs. The humanism approach helped Elizabeth’s mental health and well being as suggested by Maslow’s hierarchy of need as the baseline (Maslow 1954). The final session between me and Elizabeth was on motivation. Motivational strategies are used to increase commitment to change and boost motivation. It is a relatively simple, transparent and supportive talk therapy based on the principles of cognitive behaviour therapy, (Bundy 2004). A great deal of commitment and effort is required by me and Elizabeth in CBT. It is important for the Elizabeth to give me feedback, both positive and negative, at each session. This allows me to alter the speed, style, and content of future sessions in order to meet the specific needs of Elizabeth. Motivational interviewing assisted Elizabeth in identifying and measuring her emotional reactions to problems she has faced, to also identify how her thoughts and feelings interact to produce the patterns in behaviour and to challenge this thought process. Alongside this i had to fully utilize my listening skills to ensure engagement between me and Elizabeth. This gave Elizabeth the opportunity to express herself and feel valued with my attention. I also expressed empathy by using eye contact that made her feel comfortable with myself. I used phrases like ’I understand’ and ‘I can see you feel strongly about that’ as suggested by Riley (2008). I also waited until Elizabeth had finished what she was saying, avoiding interruption allowed Elizabeth to continue with what she was saying. The National Services Framework (DOH 1999) Standard one states ‘Individuals who misuse alcohol or drugs are at a significantly increased risk of suicide’. The standard one puts mental health promotion as their main goal. Individuals like Elizabeth have stigma attached to them because of the discrimination and social exclusion they face. In order to tackle this, educating the public on mental and drug and alcohol related issues would gain mental health promotion. The NSF standard one allows opportunities for promotion in mental health such as employment, housing, education, benefits to reduce discrimination against individuals with mental health problems. Mental Health prevention is important in psychiatric nursing care. (Caplan 1964). Promotion of mental health is divided into three levels. 1. Primary – lowering mental disorders or reducing the rate at which new cases of disorders occur. By using Motivational Interviewing Elizabeth was able to understand her thought process which was linked to her behaviour, thus reducing the rate at which the incidences of mental disorders occur. 2. Secondary prevention would involve reducing the prevalence of mental disorder by reducing the number of existing cases. This involves finding, screening and effective treatments. By Elizabeth committing herself to treatment and detoxification, has allowed us to treat her and reduce the number of existing cases. 3. Tertiary prevention allows activities to reduce the severity of mental disorders and associated disability through rehabilitative activities. Elizabeth found Gardening relaxed her mental state and reduced the severity of her mental disorder. Elizabeth showed determination and improvement with her treatment. This allowed me and the multidisciplinary team to start working with her for her life after discharge. Employment opportunities and help with housing will be in place for Elizabeth’s discharge. This plan allows Elizabeth to see discharge and abstinence from drugs as a reality. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse have published many documents to assist with recovery from substance misuse. The NTA works in partnership with national, regional and local agencies to develop standards for treatment and that there are local accessible services to support drug users. The ‘Making it Happen’ (DOH 2001) document states that mental health promotion helps to improve physical health, enhance social inclusion and participation. By assisting Elizabeth through her treatment, allowed Elizabeth to become part of the society again. By reducing the stigma and discrimination associated with mental health problems. This strengthens the capacity of communities to support social inclusion. Elizabeth was able to follow the treatment programme designed for her to allow her to recover from drugs and to stay abstinence from them. However it is vital for Elizabeth to continue this treatment whilst in the community to promote recovery and avoid relapse. I discussed with Elizabeth possible triggers that may trigger a relapse or become weak. Elizabeth shared with me that her brother was also a cannabis user. I expressed that Elizabeth could educate her brother with the knowledge she now shared about the drug and the problems it poses. I also advised Elizabeth to advise her brother on the help she received from her local Drug and Alcohol team. This may help her brother to seek help for his own addiction and allow Elizabeth not to be influenced by her brother. I was impressed by Elizabeth’s determination she had shown me throughout her treatment and her consistency of hard work. I advised Elizabeth to join a local support group to remove the stigma on drug users, to boost her confidence within her community and to socialize. In order for this mental health promotion to be a success ongoing assessment of Elizabeth was necessary. This allowed Elizabeth to become engaged with the interventions proposed and to express her own concerns. Although Elizabeth’s behaviour was monitored Elizabeth felt able to approach me and express that she had noticed changed in her behaviour via using the motivational interviewing skills, the demonstration of care and concern by the nursing team and her desire to achieve her goal of regaining relationships with her family. The package that was created for Elizabeth allowed her to promote her health and well being in many ways, building her confidence with the nursing team, allowing her to socialize with other patients from other wards in her Occupational Therapy groups/activities, building her knowledge on her treatment allowing her to be in control and to make decisions. Elizabeth was able to analyze her behaviour through keeping a diary. Elizabeth was able to advise other patients through her experience of the detoxification. Elizabeth turned into a confident young woman allowing her to build her broken life into success with her family and gaining voluntary employment with her local Drug and Alcohol team where she advised drug users on the experience of her detoxification programme.

Orbital Space Debris

Orbital Space Debris Free Online Research Papers Orbital Space Debris The sun rose blindingly over the crest of the earth. The astronaut moved outside the Space Shuttle Discovery’s cargo bay in his Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). Held by the shuttle’s robotic arm, a damaged satellite hung about 800 kilometers above the earth and a few meters below the astronaut. As the space walker hovered closer to the satellite, he looked down to see clouds covering parts of America, including his home state of Nebraska. The satellite was damaged badly. Sporting only one solar panel, it had a broken metal arm that made merely a stub on the other side. The day earlier, they had intercepted the missing solar panel, burned and smashed beyond repair. Upon inspection of the damages, both in space and back on earth where the satellite was taken, it was confirmed that a small piece of foreign space debris was responsible for knocking out this civilian communications satellite. While in the vastness of space, an accident like this seems only realistic in a Hollywood movie, but this fictional description is more real than what people realize. It has been fifty years since the launch of the first satellite, Russia’s Sputnik. Since then, as is the case with rapidly advancing technology, satellites have only proliferated and become more entrenched in society’s existence. This has created an incredible amount of crowding in the earth’s orbit that will only get worse as time progresses. The current space debris is tracked by both the US Space Surveillance Network and US Strategic Command. They keep a data base of all objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) larger than 5 centimeters in diameter and all object in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) larger than one meter in diameter. There are currently 12 000 catalogued objects, of which only 850 are active satellites. Several thousand more cannot be catalogued because their origin is unknown. Several events in recent history have complicated the situation in the skies, however. The main source of orbital debris for the last half century was in fact the ordinary breakup of satellites in orbit, the wear-and-tear of constant use. In the 1980’s, the US and Soviets tested anti-satellite (ASAT) weaponry, leaving much shattered satellite debris. One US test was conducted in September 1985 and the last piece of catalogued debris decayed from orbit only three years ago. However, both the Soviets and the Chinese have resumed their ASAT testing programs earlier this year. In January of 2007, the Chinese used a kinetic-energy ASAT weapon to destroy their dysfunctional Feng Yun-1C, increasing its percentage of the total orbital debris to 20%. The next month Russia exploded a Briz-M rocket booster stage, raising its total percentage to 40%. The implications of this newly created space jam are numerous. While today, satellites are rarely damaged like the fictional account described earlier, orbital collisions are becoming more frequent. Through the nineties and into the current decade, collisions occurred about every five to eight years. Catastrophic collisions, involving total destruction of the objects that collided, were estimated to occur only every nineteen years. For different orbital radii, there are different risk levels. The most crowed highway around the globe is the 800 km elevation. Not only is the most debris concentrated at this altitude, but it is the most common orbital height for civilian satellites. Now, the countless remains of Feng Yun-1C and the Briz-M booster are circumnavigating Earth at that radius as well. The SSN predicts that because of the many small, un-chartable remains of those two satellites, the collision risk would nearly double. Collisions would occur every three to four years and catastrophes would fall in the five to ten year range. However, a majority of these particles, as previously stated, are very small. Therefore, it would seem that the danger posed by these objects is very low and almost negligible. Basic kinetic energy theorems would disprove this notion. These objects orbit with speeds around 10 km/s. Consider most of these to be around one gram. Taking kinetic energy to be the kinetic energy of one of these particles would equal 50 000 Joules. In comparison, a 100 kg mass traveling at 100 km/hr has only 38 580 Joules. Therefore, these collisions are extremely dangerous for orbiting satellites. NASA has implemented ordinances to prevent the spread of orbital debris. Also, in 2002, the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee set guidelines in place covering the production of such debris. The Orbital Debris Program Office issued a study in 2006 (before the Chinese and Russian ASAT tests) that some areas of space had already reached a super critical debris density. Therefore, these guidelines are of the utmost importance. However, there is no law passed to limit orbital breakup. The United Nations patterned guidelines after the IADC, and were seeming to be effective for some time. While there was a steady increase in orbital debris up through the mid nineties, it began to taper off into the new millennium. Unfortunately, the Russian and Chinese ASAT tests have caused a tremendous backslide in the effort to clear up the skies. While it may seem minor and insignificant now, the problem of orbital debris will only deteriorate as time progresses unless action is taken soon to mitigate the situation. The more debris placed into space, the more regions will become super critical in status. The future of safe space travel depends on the control and containment of our orbital junk. Wright, David. â€Å"Space Debris.† Physics Today. 60.10 (October 2007): 35-40 NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. 2007. 8 December 2007. . 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Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay - 1

Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find - Essay Example The Grandmother is very irritating woman. During the car ride, she lies about the dimensions of a house just to make it sound more interesting to the children. And when she realizes that the house she’s been bragging about is not even in that state, she panics and kicks the cage holding the cat. She doesn’t do that on purpose. She is annoying but she doesn’t deserve to be shot three times in the chest. In fact she tries to make a connection with the Misfit during the confrontation and when she feels sorry for Misfit and about the way he has been treated all his life, she tries to physically touch him and at that moment Misfit’s henchmen shoot the old woman. It is very true that many people only claim to be Christians but in the dealings of their lives, their behavior, their conduct and their daily conversations are devoid of the spirit of Christianity. The grandmother is blessed with a loving son but she is not thankful for it and doesn’t actually care about him. In fact she treats him as a tool and takes advantage of his obedience. In the book, after the car accident Misfit and his men seize the family and they take family members in the woods and shoot them. Seeing her fate very clear the grandmother suddenly remembers God and Jesus and turns soft. She asks Misfit to pray so that his soul may be spared for the sins he has committed all his life. A very religious and philosophical conversation takes place towards the end of the story between the Misfit and the Grandmother, where Misfit tries to mock Jesus by saying that he created a lot of confusion by raising dead people (in hidden words, he mocks the whole concept of heaven a nd hell and the day of judgment). To this, grandmother agrees somewhat by saying that probably he didn’t raise the dead after all but when she gets shot in the chest, she falls down with her legs crossed in to her grave, representing her faith in a dramatic and symbolic way. "Flannery

At Aetna, a C.E.O.s Management by Mantra Article

At Aetna, a C.E.O.s Management by Mantra - Article Example The significant HR function done very well in Aetna is employee motivation and encouragement. The article presents a relatively new approach that Aetna is using to motivate employees. Based on the interview, there have been changes noted since the employees started to take part in the Yoga classes. The success being experienced at Aetna starts with the company leadership and its view on employee motivation and management. Mr. Bertolini points out that the organization does not try to force employees to take part in things they do not want. The bottom line is that Aetna leadership does not endeavor to control employees. Instead, the management is working hard to encourage employees and make them feel part of the company. The approach taken by Aetna in managing its human capital is the reason the company has registered increase in output. The provision of Yoga classes and the pay increase for those earning minimum wage are clear indications that Mr. Bertolini views employees as human beings who have feelings and ambitions. During the interview, Aetna CEO, Mr. Bertolini keeps on repeating the importance of treating employees as human beings who have feelings (Gelles, 2015). He narrates how he was moved by an article on minimum wage that made him increase the salaries of the employees who were earning minimum wage. The transformational leadership approach taken by Mr. Bertolini has been the driving force of the changes being witnessed in Aetna. Mr. Bertolini has been able to inspire employees by showing them how it is done instead of just commanding. In the article, Mr. Bertolini discusses how he convinced the company doctor to create Yoga classes. He did not take a commanding approach. He found a way to convince the doctor by appealing to the doctor’s thirst for science. A critical review of Aetna’s success story shows that the form of the leadership used in the company has